A quick, comprehensive reference for international commercial terms defining obligations, risks, and costs for buyers and sellers.
The seller makes the goods available at their premises (works, factory, warehouse). The buyer is responsible for loading the goods onto a vehicle, clearing them for export, and all subsequent transport and risks.
The seller delivers the goods to a carrier or another person nominated by the buyer at the seller's premises or another named place, cleared for export. Risk transfers at that point.
The seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel nominated by the buyer at the named port of shipment. Risk and cost transfer when the goods are alongside the ship.
The seller delivers the goods on board the vessel nominated by the buyer at the named port of shipment. Risk transfers once the goods are loaded safely on board the vessel.
The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination, but the risk of loss or damage transfers to the buyer once the goods are on board the vessel.
The seller delivers the goods on board the vessel and pays the freight and costs to the port of destination. The seller also procures minimum marine insurance cover against the buyer's risk of loss or damage.
The seller delivers the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the seller at an agreed place, and pays the cost of carriage to bring the goods to the named destination.
The seller delivers the goods to the carrier and pays the carriage to the named destination. The seller also procures all-risk insurance coverage to protect the buyer's goods during transit.
The seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the named place of destination. Seller bears all risks to that point.
The seller bears all risks and costs to deliver and unload the goods at the named place of destination. Risk transfers to the buyer once the goods have been unloaded safely.
The seller delivers the goods cleared for import and ready for unloading at the named place of destination. The seller bears all costs and risks, including customs duties, taxes, and import clearance.